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Many different state and federal laws protecting the environment and natural resources require entities to apply for and secure permits, licenses, and other governmental approvals as a condition of undertaking certain activities. For example, there are various federal and state laws that apply to the protection of wetlands and threatened or endangered species, among them the federal Clean Water Act (CWA, codified at 33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq.) and the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA, codified at 16 U.S.C. §1531 et seq.).
